- Washer: Cleans the surface of the panels to remove any impurities.
- Plasma: Remove organic contaiminants, dust and oxides.
- Inkjet : Applies a perovskite layer using Inkjet Printing Method to create the light-absorbing layer
- Solvent : Uses solvents to clean surfaces by removing residues, particles, or contaminants.
- Heat Annealing (Oven): Enhances the crystalline structure of the solar cells by heating them in an oven.
- Vacuum Chamber Drying (VCD): Dries the panels in a vacuum chamber to remove moisture and solvent.
